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Morphology River, estuary, lake or seabed form and its change with time. Numerical model Mathematical equations that describe reality and permit prediction of the behaviour of flows, sediment and structures. Offshore 1 In beach terminology, the comparatively flat zone of variable width, extending from the shoreface to the edge of the continental shelf.

It is continually submerged. One-dimensional 1D A numerical model in which all the flow parameters are assumed to be constant model over the cross-section normal to the flow. There is only a velocity gradient in the flow direction. Orthogonal wave ray In a wave refraction or diffraction diagram, a line drawn perpendicular to the wave crest. Outlet An opening through which water can be freely discharged from a reservoir to a river for a particular purpose. Outflanking Erosion or scour behind or around the land-based end of a structure that may threaten to compromise the stability or integrity of the structure and its function.

Overtopping Passing of water over the top of a structure as a result of wave run-up or surge action. Parapet Solid wall at the crest of a seawall projecting above deck level. Parapet wall See crown wall. Peak period The wave period determined by the inverse of the frequency at which the wave energy spectrum reaches a maximum. Permeability The property of bulk material sand, crushed rock, soft rock in situ that permits movement of water through its pores.

Physical model See scale model. Pitched stone Squared masonry, precast blocks or embedded stones laid in regular fashion with dry or filled joints to increase friction forces.

It is often placed on dikes, revetments, the upstream slope of an embankment dam or on a reservoir shore as a protection against wave and ice action. Placed packing Mass per unit volume of armourstone placed in the works. The value obtained density is very sensitive to the type of placement ie loose, dense, random, standard ; the grading, shape and density of the rock materials; the method used to survey the volume; and whether the element is thin-layered or bulk-filled.

Packing density The number of armour units per unit area, equal to the ratio of the part of the armour layer thickness occupied by material to the volume of the armour unit which ratio is also equal to the ratio of the packing density coefficient to the squared nominal diameter of the armour unit. The value obtained is sensitive to the method of placement, the grading in the case of armourstone and the shape of the armourstone or the concrete armour unit.

Packing density The packing density times the squared nominal diameter of the armour unit, equal coefficient to the ratio of the part of the armour layer thickness occupied by material to the nominal diameter of the armour unit. Pore pressure The interstitial pressure of fluid air or water within a mass of soil, rock or concrete.

Porosity Property of a material or armour layer expressed as the percentage of the total volume occupied by air and water rather than solid particles. Porous For revetments and armour layer, the permitting of rapid through movement of water, such as during wave action.

Many geotextiles and sand asphalt can be non- porous under the action of waves but are porous in soil mechanics terms. Primary materials Materials whose production has involved extraction from virgin natural reserves. Prototype The actual structure or condition being simulated in a model. Quality control A system of procedures, including documentation, based on repeated monitoring and feedback with adjustment as necessary, with the purpose of maintaining a target performance or property.

Quasi-three-dimensional A numerical model in which the flow parameters vary in two dimensions, but 3D model which allows determination of the flow parameter in the third dimension. Quarry run Materials with no fines control and including all granular material found in the quarry blastpile that can be picked up in a typical loading shovel; ie only blocks too large for easy digging and loading are left behind. Random waves The laboratory simulation of irregular sea-states which occur in nature.

Reach 1 An arm of the ocean extending into the land, eg an estuary. Recycled material Material that has been collected and separated from the waste stream and that has undergone some form of processing so that it can be used again.

Reef breakwater Rubble mound of single-sized stones with a crest at or below sea level that is allowed to be re shaped by the waves. Reflected wave That part of an incident wave that is returned seaward when a wave impinges on a beach, seawall or other reflecting surface. Reflection The process by which part of the energy of the wave is returned seaward.

Refraction The process by which the direction of a wave moving in shallow water at an angle of water waves to the depth contours is changed so that the wave crests tend to become more aligned with those contours. Regime theory Empirical method for predicting river characteristics.

Regular waves or Waves with a single height, period and direction. Regulating reservoir A reservoir from which water is released so as to regulate the flow in the river. Rehabilitation Restoring to good condition, operation or capacity.

Rehabilitation can also be thought of as preventative maintenance. Repair can also be thought of as corrective maintenance. Replacement Process of demolition and reconstruction.

Reservoir An artificial lake, basin or tank in which a large quantity of water can be stored. Retention water level For a reservoir with a fixed overflow sill, the lowest crest level of that sill. For an outflow controlled wholly or partly by movable gates, syphons or other means, the retention water level is the maximum level at the dam to which water may rise under normal operating conditions, exclusive of any provision for flood surcharge.

Return period Inverse of the probability that a given event will occur in any one year. It can also be considered as the statistical average period of time between occurrences of the event. Reuse The use of materials recovered from waste materials without further processing. Revetment A sloping surface of stone, concrete or other material used to protect an embankment, natural coast or shoreline against erosion.

River regime Combinations of river discharge and water levels characteristic for a prescribed period usually a year or a season. The river regime determines the overall morphology of the river.

River training structure Any configuration constructed in a stream or placed on, adjacent to or in the vicinity of a streambank that is intended to deflect currents, induce sediment deposition, induce scour or otherwise alter the flow and sediment regimes of a river. Rock Natural accumulation of minerals bound together by geological processes to produce a compact solid. Rockfill closure dam Structure primarily designed to stop water flow. It is composed of loose stone usually dumped in place and characterised by high flows in the final stages of the closure.

Rock weathering Physical and mineralogical decay processes in rock brought about by exposure to climatic conditions either at the present time or in the geological past. Rubble mound structure A mound of random-shaped and random-placed stones protected by a cover layer of selected armour stones or specially shaped concrete armour units. The armour layer may be placed in an orderly manner or dumped at random. Run-up, run-down The upper and lower levels reached by a wave on a beach or coastal structure, relative to still water level, measured vertically.

Sampling rock Selection and assessment by test methods of a small proportion of a large collection of rock particles or rock mass. The model can be built with a fixed bed or a movable bed. Scour Erosion resulting from shear forces associated with flowing water and wave actions. Scour protection Works to prevent or mitigate scour. Sea defences Works to prevent or alleviate flooding by the sea.

Sea state Description of the sea surface with regard to wave action. Secondary materials Materials used in construction that have already been used or are recovered from the waste stream of other activities. Sediment load The sediment carried through a channel by streamflow. Seepage The interstitial movement of water that may take place through a dam, its foundation or abutments. Seiche Standing wave oscillation of the water surface that may occur in a closed or semi- closed body of water with the natural frequency of oscillation for that water body.

Shallow water Commonly, water of such depth that surface waves are noticeably affected by bottom topography. It is customary to consider water of depths less than half the surface wavelength as shallow water.

Shoulder Horizontal transition between sloping sections of a structure, often used where there is a change in stone size. Significant wave height Average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a given sea state.

Significant wave period Average of the periods associated with the highest one-third of wave heights in a given sea-state. Sill 1 A submerged structure across a river to control the water level upstream. Skewness The phenomenon that as gravity waves become steeper their profile becomes distorted with a tendency towards sharper crests and flatter troughs, characteristic of the classical shape of the Stokes infinite wave train. Such a profile has a non-zero third moment, ie the skewness is greater than zero.

Slope The inclined face of a cutting or canal or embankment. Slope protection The protection of embankment slope against wave action or erosion. Soft defences Usually refers to sand beaches natural or designed , but may also refer to energy- absorbing structures including those consisting of gravel or shingle.

Spillway A structure over or through which flood flows are discharged. Spur -dike or groyne A structure extending from a bank into a channel that is designed usually to protect the banks or to provide sufficient water depth for navigation purposes. Stationary process A process in which the mean statistical properties do not vary with time. Stilling basin A basin constructed to dissipate the energy of fast-flowing water, such as that from a spillway or bottom outlet, and to protect the river bed from erosion.

Still water level The water level that would exist in the absence of waves. Stochastic Having random variation in statistics. Stone Piece of rock. Storage reservoir A reservoir operated with changing water level for the purpose of storing and releasing water. Storm surge A rise in water level in the open coast caused by the action of wind stress as well as atmospheric pressure on the sea surface.

Subcritical The flow condition above a dam by which the tailwater level influences the upstream head. The discharge is a function of upstream and downstream head. Also called submerged flow, submodular flow or drowned flow. Supercritical The flow condition above a dam by which the upstream head is independent of the tailwater level. The discharge is a function of the upstream head only. Also called free flow, rapid flow or modular flow. Supplier Party from whom the purchaser takes materials in return for a fee.

This may be the producer, a transport agent or a contractor. Surf zone The area between the outermost breaker and the limit of the wave run-up.

Suspended load The material moving in suspension in a fluid, kept up by the upward components of turbulent currents or by colloidal suspension.

Swell waves Wind-generated waves that have travelled out of their generating area. Swell characteristically exhibits a more regular and longer period and has flatter crests than waves within their fetch.

Tailwater level The water level downstream of a dam or sill. Thalweg The locus of the deepest points in a valley at successive cross-sections. Tides Water movements that essentially are generated by the global response of oceans to astronomic effects. On the continental shelves and in coastal waters, particularly bays and estuaries, the effect is amplified by shallow water and coastal platforms.

Toe The lowest part of a coastal or fluvial defence structure. Often it provides support for the slope protection. Toe blanket See apron. Total load The sum of bed load and suspended load in the river. Tout venant See quarry run. Training wall A wall built to confine or guide the flow of water over the downstream face of an overflow dam or in a channel. Transmission The process of wave energy passing over and through a low crested structure and generating waves behind the structure.

Tsunami Gravity waves that originate from earthquakes below the ocean. Their wavelengths are in the order of minutes rather than seconds. Underlayer Granular layer beneath an armour layer that serves either as a filter or to even-out the formation level. Uniformity index Parameter expressing the gradation in Rosin-Rammler distribution. Upgrading Improved performance against a particular criterion. Uplift Upward pressure in the pores of a material interstitial pressure or on the base of a structure.

Up-rush, down-rush The flow of water up or down the face of a structure following wave breaking. Vertical closure Construction of a dam by dumping the materials over the full width. During this operation the dam crest is raised more or less uniformly over the entire gap until the channel is completely blocked. The method is also known as frontal dumping, horizontal closure and traverse dumping.

Vesicular Used to describe basalt and other volcanic rocks containing many spherical or ellipsoidal cavities produced by bubbles of gas trapped during solidification. Water level Elevation of still water level relative to a datum.

Waterway A navigable channel. Wave breaking Reduction in wave energy and height in the surf zone due to limited water depth. Wave height The vertical distance between a crest and the preceding trough. Wavelength The horizontal distance between two successive crests or troughs in a wave record. Wave period The time for a wave crest to traverse a distance equal to one wavelength. Wave return face The face of a crown wall designed to throw back the waves.

Wave set-down Drop in water level beyond the breaker zone to conserve momentum as wave particle velocities and pressures change before wave breaking. Wave set-up Superelevation of the water surface over the normal surge elevation attributable to onshore mass transport of the water by wave action alone.

Wave spectrum A function that describes the distribution of wave energy over wave frequency. Wave steepness The ratio of wave height to wavelength. Wear Superficial degradation of a material that may be induced by weathering or attrition.

Weathering Physical, chemical and biological action that leads to deterioration in strength of the rock mass or deterioration in strength of the pieces of produced armourstone. Weir A low dam or wall across a stream to raise the upstream water level. When uncontrolled, it is termed a fixed crest weir. Yield curve Cumulative plot of the blasted block size distribution of a quarry.

It refers to a period of production and is often taken as the basis for calculating the relative proportions of available quarry materials. The yield curve may either be a prediction or an analysis of past production.

AQD Armourstone quality designation. BBSD Blasted block size distribution. CWD Composite Weibull distribution. DGPS Differential global positioning system. DSF Directional spreading function. DT Drop test. DTM Digital terrain model. DWT Deadweight tonnage. EDM Electronic distance measurement. ELL Extreme lower limit of armourstone grading. ES Environmental Statement.

EUL Extreme upper limit of armourstone grading. FEM Finite element method. FSCT Full-scale crushing test. FSST Full-scale splitting test. GPS Global positioning system. HWL High water level. IBSD In situ block size distribution. ITT Initial type testing. LAT Lowest astronomical tide. LWL Low water level. LWS Low water spring.

MDE Micro-Deval method. NLL Nominal lower limit of armourstone grading. NUL Nominal upper limit of armourstone grading. PM Pierson-Moskowitz wave energy spectrum.

PMS Principal mean spacing. POT Peak over threshold. MHWN Mean high water neap. MHWS Mean high water spring. MLWS Mean low water spring. MWL Mean water level. ROV Remotely operated underwater vehicles.

RTK Real-time kinematic. SLS Serviceability limit state. SWL Still water level. UCS Uniaxial compressive strength. ULS Ultimate limit state. X, Y, Z Block dimensions of enclosing rectanguloid box with minimum volume, as used in blockiness calculation m X Equivalent wear time factor in the in-service degradation model equal to the number of years in service divided by the equivalent number of revolutions in the reference abrasion test - X1, X2…X9 Parameters that are given rating values in the in-service degradation model - Xj;k Characteristic value of a material property Unit of x Xj;d Design value of a material property Unit of x x, y, z Distances along orthogonal axes m ys Scour depth relative to the original bed m ymax Maximum depth of scour hole m za Static rise in water level due to storm surge m zmax Stern wave height ship-induced water movements m zs Internal set-up in a mound above still-water level m z0 Reference level of vertical velocity profile, also called bed roughness length m.

This flow chart shows the links between the technical chapters that follow this introductory chapter. It is repeated at the start of each chapter and expanded to show more detail of the 2 contents of the relevant chapter. Use it in conjunction with the contents page and the index to navigate the manual. It is used in the marine and fluvial environments to provide protection against scour and erosion and to limit wave overtopping and flooding.

Rock is quarried to produce armourstone, defined as coarse aggregate used in hydraulic structures and other civil engineering works. This may be produced in masses ranging from 8 approximately 1 kg up to 20—30 tonnes. Rock may be employed as an armouring material, as a filter or underlayer, or as a fill material.

Where armourstone of sufficient size or quality is not available then artificial units generally of concrete may be used. Gabion boxes or mattresses filled with smaller armourstone are another alternative. Other materials, such as industrial by-products, may also be used instead 9 of quarried rock. Standard solutions do not generally exist in this field of engineering.

To develop a robust, site-specific rock-based solution for a project it is necessary to consider a wide range of issues including materials, environmental conditions, construction methodology, maintenance regime and health and safety for construction personnel and the general public.

This was followed in by the Manual on the use of rock in hydraulic engineering by CUR. Since these books were published there have been many advances in the understanding of rock as a material and of the design and behaviour of rock structures in the hydraulic environment.

This new edition of The Rock Manual presents current good practice for the design and construction of rock structures. Where appropriate, it presents new or emerging technologies that have not, at the time of writing, become standard practice, to allow the reader to be fully aware of, and make best use of, the latest research findings. Section 1. The manual collates available research data and technical information together with practical experience gained by practitioners.

In doing this, care has been taken to indicate current limitations in the design processes and the extent to which empirical methods and engineering judgement are involved. A full list of acknowledgements to the organisations and individuals who have contributed to the updating of The Rock Manual is provided at the beginning of this manual. This chapter is an important first point of reference in the manual, as it provides an aide memoire of issues that should be addressed.

Readers are encouraged to read this chapter before proceeding with other chapters. The contents have been kept concise and focused to aid usability. The chapter considers source evaluation, properties, performance prediction, quarry yields and quarry operations.

It describes the various testing methods to determine rock and armourstone properties. It cross- references to the European armourstone specification EN Designers can use this chapter as the starting point for design, but it is also relevant to contractors and suppliers who need information on environmental conditions for construction operations. It covers hydraulic performance, structural stability and geotechnical behaviour.

The hydraulic and geotechnical parameters derived in Chapter 4 and the material characteristics derived from Chapter 3 are the key inputs to this chapter. See below. Chapters 6, 7 and 8 provide practical guidance for the design of different types of 2 structure. These chapters take the outputs from the design methods in Chapter 5 and provide guidance for the geometry plan layout, cross-section and structure details taking into account the constraints that exist, such as buildability and access discussed in Chapter 9 , availability of resources discussed in Chapter 3 and maintenance discussed in Chapter In particular, Chapters 6—8 cover plan layout, geometry of cross-sections, structural details toe, crest etc , transitions and joints, design-related construction, cost 3 and maintenance considerations, and repair and upgrading of existing structures.

Selection of appropriate design conditions is also covered in these chapters. The following features are designed to assist readers in navigating the manual:. Figure 1. It also suggests a relationship between the advice given and key phases of a typical project.

Table 1. This is given for the complete manual at the start of the book. At the start of each chapter there is a contents list for that 7 chapter only. The front end of each chapter includes: — a detailed contents list for that chapter — an introductory box that describes what is included in the chapter — a flow chart to demonstrate how the chapter links with other chapters.

Each page tells the reader their current location in the manual. The chapter 8 number is shown on the navigation bar running down the outer edge of right-hand pages, the chapter number and title are given on the left hand page header, while the section number and title are given on the right hand page header.

The index lists key topics by section number. A complete index of words is not included as most subjects should be easily locatable through the high-level contents list at the front of the book and the detailed chapter contents pages. The index 9 is particularly useful for locating discussion of topics that span several chapters. It incorporates a navigation facility permitting users to make rapid searches for words or phrases. Environmental considerations 2. Economic considerations 2.

Social considerations 2. Note Relevant section numbers are given in brackets. The guidance is suitable for worldwide application. It is, however, emphasised that the manual itself cannot convert a non-trained person into a specialist and the guidance should not be used as a substitute for experience and judgement. Monitoring, inspec - tion, maintenance and designing rock works. Design of river and 5. Physical processes. Design of closure conditions and data.

Design of marine and design tools. Planning and. Construction 4. Physical site 1. Guidance is not provided on early feasibility studies. Guidance on concrete armour units is given where these may be used as an alternative to armourstone.

Only large concrete armour units are covered. This manual does not cover concrete revetment blocks. Guidance on other alternative materials is provided only where these materials are used with, or in place of, quarried rock. The updated manual includes the following new features:. This manual provides guidance on the use of rock in a range of hydraulic structures. The various structures in scope, and their key functions, are summarised in Table 1.

A range of 2 structures is shown in Figures 1. Structure type Description Functions. Breakwater Figures 1. Rock protection to port Usually rock protection at the toe of a vertical Provides protection against propeller wash and structures Figure 1. Revetment Figure 1. Seawall toe Figure 1. Groynes and artificial Rock mound structure generally constructed Intercepts and traps beach material 5 headlands Figure 1.

Detached or reef breakwater Rock mound structure generally constructed Intercepts and stabilises beach material Figure 1. Sill or berm Rock mound structure generally constructed Traps or holds beach material in elevated parallel to shore at toe of beach position.

Rock protection to pipelines Rock bund on sea bed or rockfill in trench Maintains stability of pipeline 6 and cables Figure 1. Scour protection of slender Rock protection around base of structure Prevents undermining of structure structures such as monopiles.

Scour protection for large eg concrete gravity structures Rock protection at toe of structure Prevents undermining of structure 7 Rockfill closure dams Closure dam composed of loose rock, usually Stops water flow and in some cases acts as a Figure 1. Estuary closure Figure 1. River closure River structure involving a closure dam or Diversion of rivers temporary or permanent , cover dam either to divert the discharge or to eg for river control, temporary works, irrigation, store it temporarily or water level control for navigation.

Rock protection of reservoir Dam to create a reservoir, often involving a The rock protection prevents erosion of dam 9 dams Figure 1. Rock protection to barriers, Generally low structures relative to water Rock is used to provide protection to areas sills, weirs, barrages, level designed for through-flow or overflow downstream of these structures, for armouring diversion dams, spillways for a large proportion of the time and bed protection and for filter layers Figure 1.

Bank protection Figures Rock or gabion revetment to protect riverbank Prevents bank erosion 1. Spur-dikes Figure 1. Longitudinal dikes also Bund protected with rock, generally orientated Prevents bank erosion Chapter 8. Fish passes Rock-armoured channel Provides open passage to enable fish to pass a river control structure.

Bridge scour protection Rock berm or bed protection around base of Prevents scour of river bed around bridge bridge piers piers. Marine structures using rock are shown in the following figures. Design guidance for these structure types is given in Chapter 6. Various types of closure works using rock are shown in the following figures.

Design guidance for these structure types is given in Chapter 7. River and canal structures using rock are shown in the following figures. Design guidance for 4 these structure types is given in Chapter 8. Manual on the use of rock in coastal and shoreline engineering. CUR Manual on the use of rock in hydraulic engineering. Eyrolles Ed, Paris, pp. LCPC Les Enrochements. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the design process and project considerations.

General principles for rock works, applicable throughout the manual, are included here. NOTE: The project process is iterative. Contents Documents Details Background Outcome. Documents The Rock Manual: the use of rock in hydraulic engineering - summary 1. Defnyddio craig mewn peiriannu hydrolig 2il argraffiad - Welsh summary KB PDF External link: The Rock Manual - technical report If you use assistive technology such as a screen reader and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email: enquiries environment-agency.

Outcome This new, updated version of the Rock Manual is a comprehensive reference guide covering: rock works in rivers and canals estuary and river closure works coastal rock works It also contains information on works with large concrete armour units. Published 17 February Is this page useful? Maybe Yes this page is useful No this page is not useful. Thank you for your feedback.

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